Here you will learn about working with django admin interface.
Prerequiests: It is necessary to learn about models first before working with Django admin panel. You can learn about models here.
What is admin.py File in Django?
Weâve created an app and a model in previous articles. But we havenât stored anything yet to our database. Djangoâs admin interface will help us to add, edit and delete the data from the database using the models. As we know models are the structure of our database tables, we can add a new object, edit it and delete objects from database in two ways either by coding or by using a graphical user interface. That graphical user interface to store, edit and delete data from database is Django admin interface.
In above screenshots, first is a screenshot of admin page which requires the login to do any changes in database, thatâs why it is secured way to work with database and in second image you can see some Models that we have added to admin interface.
Working with Django Admin Panel
As mentioned above, before working with database first you should have created a model. As in previous article we created a model (having ImageField and CharField) named as Job. Now weâll add this model to admin interface so we can store data in ImageField and CharField using Djangoâs admin.
So letâs start.
Step 1: Create a User Account
Run your project and open admin page (for example â http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin or localhost:8000/admin/).
So a username and password is required to move forward, means we need to create an account. To create it open your terminal and stop the server then type this command â
python manage.py createsuperuser
After hitting enter it will ask you for an username, you can type any username but if donât enter anything and just hit enter then it will take your computer name as username. Letâs say we have created username as thecrazyprogrammer.
After username, it will ask your email address and a password. So after creating a username letâs run your server again and open localhost:8000/admin again, then login with your username and password youâve entered above.
Note: If you forgot your password later, then there is no need to worry. As long as you have access to your server you can change it.
So now youâve access to the Django admin page. At present there is only options are showing which can be used to add or see the new username and groups. But our created model Job is still not shown up.
Step 2: Register Your Model in admin.py
To register your model in admin.py, open the admin.py inside the same app directory where is your models.py (model to be added) is present.
Now inside this file write the code as shown below .
Step 2 â Verify that Admin is an Installed App
We should next migrate the models to the database so that it picks up the newly added Admin models.
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Navigate to the directory where the
manage.py file is located.
Remember to run the
migrate command whenever you make any changes to the models , like so.
Upon running the command, we should have received the following output because the
admin model was already added as weâve seen when navigating to the INSTALLED_APPS sections of the settings.py file.
We can now start the server by running the following command with your serverâs IP address.
Then navigate to the admin panelâs URL in a browser of your choice:
You will see something similar to this.
Getting to this screen shows that we have successfully enabled the admin app.
Though we have enabled the app, right now we donât have a Django administration account. We will need to create the admin account in order to login.
Step 3 â Create Admin Super-User Account
Youâll notice that a login page pops up, but we donât have credentials to log in. Creating these credentials will be simple.
Django provides an easy way to generate a super-user account, which we can do by running the
manage.py file to start the super-user creation process:
Once we do so, weâll be prompted to fill in details for our username, email, and password. In this tutorial, weâll make an admin account with the username
admin_user , the email [email protected] and the password admin123 . You should fill this information in with your own preferences and be sure to use a secure password that youâll remember.
Then put in your password twice when you see the
Password: prompt. You will not see the keystrokes or your password when you enter it. Press enter after each prompt to confirm your password.
At this point, we now have an admin account with the username
admin_user and the password admin123 .
Letâs log in and take a look at what exists on our admin page.
If needed, navigate again to the URL http://your-server-ip:8000/admin/ to get to the admin login page. Then log in with the username and password and password you just created.
After a successful login, youâll see the following page.
Next, we will need to work on connecting our blog app to the admin panel.
Step 4 â Create URL Patterns for Post and Comment
In the previous step, weâve successfully logged into the admin interface, but you may have noticed that our blog app is still not visible there. So now we must go and change that by adding and registering our blog app with the associated models
Post and Comment .
To do this, weâll create an empty file called
urls.py , in the blogsite directory, like so:
In this file, we will add the URL pattern for our blog application so that we can access it via the admin interface.
Navigate to the location of that
urls.py file weâve just created.
Then open the file with nano, for instance.
Add the following lines of code to the file.
These are the URL pattern expressions needed to allow our application to access the
views for Posts and Comments . We have not created those views yet but will cover this later on in the series.
Step 5 â Connect the Blog App to Admin
Connecting our blog to the admin will allow us to see links for both the
Posts and Comments inside the admin dashboard. As weâve seen before, the dashboard currently just displays links for Groups and Users .
To do this, we need to register our
Posts and Comments models inside of the admin file of blogsite .
Navigate to the
blogsite directory:
Then, create the
admin.py file:
Once youâve done that, open the file:
And edit the file so that it contains the following code.
admin.py
Save and exit the file.
You have now registered the
Post and Comment models inside of the admin panel. This will enable the admin interface to pick these models up and show it to the user that is logged into and viewing the admin dashboard.
Step 6 â Verify that Blog App has Been Added to Admin
Now that youâve added the relevant Python code, run the server. Open
http://your-server-ip:8000/admin and log in to the admin using your credentials if youâre not logged in already. In this tutorial weâve been logging in with the username admin_user and password admin123 .
Now that youâve logged in, you should see the following webpage when running the server.
This shows that we have now connected our app,
blogsite , to the Django admin dashboard.
When you are done with testing your app, you can press
CTRL + C to stop the runserver command. This will return you to the your programming environment.
When you are ready to leave your Python environment, you can run the
deactivate command:
Deactivating your programming environment will put you back to the terminal command prompt.
Conclusion
In this tutorial, you have successfully enabled the admin interface, created an admin login, and registered the
Post and Comment models with the admin.
The Django admin interface is how you will be able to create posts and monitor comments with your blog.
Coming up in the series, we will be creating the
views for the blog application.
In addition to the Django adminclass options described in previous sections, there are multipleways to customize the layout, data and behaviors of Django adminpages. You can customize certain global values used across allDjango admin pages without the need to modify any Django template.But in addition, it' s="" also="" possible="" to="" customize="" any="" template="" usedby="" a="" django="" admin="" page="" --="" like="" the="" log="" in,="" log="" out,="" passwordupdate,="" display="" record="" and="" create/update/delete="" record="" page="" --="" toalter="" its="" layout="" (e.g.="" modify="" the="" default="" blue="" css="" skin="" orcomponent="" positions="" in="" the="">
Finally, it's also possible tocustomize the data passed to Django admin pages, as well as modifythe default behavior run by Django admin pages (e.g. CRUD actions)by means of methods and fields declared as part of a Django adminclass.
Django admin custom global values for default templates
By default, the Django admin isconfigured as part of a Django project's
urls.py file,as shown in the following snippet:
While
admin.site.urls -- from thedjango.contrib package -- lets you set up the Djangoadmin on the /admin/ url, the samedjango.contrib.admin.site object also allows you tocustomize certain values used by all Django admin pages.
Listing 11-22 illustrates how tocustomize several Django admin fields through the
django.contrib.admin.site object.
Listing 11-22. Django admin django.contrib.admin.site object tocustomize fieldsTip It's also possible to define the custom adminfield values in listing 11-22 inside the
As you can see in listing 11-22,before declaring
admin.site.urls as a url statement, there are a series of declarations on theadmin.site object that are also part of thedjango.contrib package:
Django Change Admin PasswordFigure 11-45. Django admin main index with custom global valuesFigure 11-46. Django admin log in page with custom global values
As you can see figures 11-45 and11-46, with a few simple statements like the ones listing 11-22,you can customize the Django admin template content, without theneed to interact with templates or HTML.
It's worth noting the
admin.empty_value_display option described in listing 11-22 is applied to all Django admin models when a record fieldcontains an empty value. Examples of theadmin.empty_value_display option were describedearlier in this chapter in the 'Record Display' section,specifically in figure 11-5 and figure 11-6, as well as listing 11-5.
Django admin custom page layout with custom templates
Although the
django.contrib.admin.site object options presented inlisting 11-22 offer a quick way to customize Django admin pages,they can fall short in the face of more sophisticated requirements,in which case you must rely on custom templates.
The default templates used by theDjango admin are located under the
/django/contrib/admin/templates/ directory of yourDjango installation inside your operating system's or virtual envPython environment (e.g.<virtual_env_directory>/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/contrib/admin/templates/ ).
Similar to the Django templatecustomization techniques described in previous chapters (e.g.Django form widgets, Django allauth), you can create a copy ofthese default templates and place them inside your project. In thismanner, the templates inside a project take precedence over thedefault Django admin templates, where you can customize the projecttemplates to fit your needs.
The Django admin
/django/contrib/admin/templates/ directory containstwo template folders: admin andregistration . Copy them to a project directory that'spart of a DIRS folder of theTEMPLATES/DIRS variable insettings.py .
Tip See the book's accompanying source code whichincludes the layout of all Django admin templates.
All the Django admin templatesinherit their behavior from the
admin/base_site.html template, which itself inherits its behavior from theadmin/base.html template. If you're unfamiliar withhow Django template inheritance works, look over Chapter 3 whichdescribes this topic.
If you open the
admin/base.html template, you can see the corestructure behind every Django admin page, such as: the HTML<head> section (e.g. CSS files, meta tags),navigation header and message notification block, among otherthings. Therefore, you can modify the admin/base.html template to include custom CSS or JavaScript files to alter the'look & feel' of every Django admin page.
In addition to the
admin/base.html template, there are many othertemplates inside the admin andregistration directories whose functions are escribedin the following list:
Note Other pages in the
As you can see, by creating acopy of the Django admin templates and placing them in yourproject, you can fine tune the layout of every Django admin page bymodifying its backing template.An important modular behavior worthmentioning about the Django admin
index.html ,change_list.html and change_form.html templates, is how they can be applied to individual Django adminapps or models.
By default, if you provide acustom layout for the
admin/index.html ,admin/change_list.html oradmin/change_form.html templates, these templates areused for all apps and models in the Django admin (i.e. globally).However, sometimes it can be necessary to customize Django adminindex pages, list pages or form pages for only certain apps (e.g.stores app) or inclusively an individual model (e.g.Item model).
To define a custom Django admintemplate for all models in an app, you can create a Django admintemplate and place it under the template path
admin/<app_name>/ (e.g.admin/stores/change_list.html to define achange_list.html template for all stores app models).
To define a custom Django admintemplate for a single model, you can create a Django admin templateand place it under the template path
admin/<app_name>/<model>/ (e.g.admin/items/item/change_list.html to define achange_list.html template to use on theItem model of the items app).
Note Only the templates Django admin custom static resources
If you customize the Django admin
admin/base.html template in your project with customCSS or JavaScript files, these static resources take effect onevery Django admin page. While this can be a desired effect incertain circumstances, in other cases, it can be necessary to onlyapply custom static resources to certain Django admin pages.
Django admin classes support the
Media class to define both CSS and JavaScript filesand include them on all pages associated with a given Django adminclass. The advantage of using the Media class on aDjango admin class, is that you don't need to deal with templatesor HTML markup, with the Django admin automatically loading thestatic resources as part of every admin page linked to an adminclass. Listing 11-23 illustrates a Django admin class that makesuse of the Media class.
Listing 11-23. Django admin class with Media class to definecustom static resources.
As you can see in listing 11-23,the
Media class supports the css andjs fields to declare both CSS and JavaScript staticfiles,respectively. In the case of css , listing 11-23declares a dictionary, where the key corresponds to the CSS mediatype and the value is a tuple with a CSS file. For the case ofjs , listing 11-23 declares a tuple pointing to aJavaScript file. All files declared as part of a Media class are automatically searched for in Django's static filedirectory paths -- as described in Chapter 5.
The final outcome of listing11-23 is that all Django admin pages associated with the
ItemAdmin admin class (e.g. index.html ,change_list.html, change_form.html ) will include anadditional CSS import statement (e.g. <linkhref='/static/css/items/items.css' type='text/css' media='screen'rel='stylesheet' /> ), as well as an additional JavaScriptimport statement (e.g. <script type='text/javascript'src='/static/js/items/items.js'></script> ).
It's worth pointing out thatwhile you can include any 3rd party CSS or JavaScriptlibrary in a Django admin page (e.g. Bootstrap, D3), Django adminpages already include the popular jQuery 2.2 library under the
django.jQuery namespace to fulfill certainfunctionalities. The Django admin uses a jQuery namespace, to letyou import any other jQuery library version in Django admin pageswithout fear of conflict. If you want to leverage the includedDjango admin jQuery library for your own custom JavaScript, youmust wrap your JavaScript logic in this namespace, as illustratedin the following snippet:
As you can see in this lastsnippet, by wrapping your custom JavaScript logic in the
django.jQuery namespace, it gains access to the Djangoadmin built-in jQuery library (i.e. the custom JavaScript logicgains access to the jQuery $ scope).
Grappelli project -- an out-of-the-box Django admin supplement
If you want try adifferent 'look & feel' for the Django admin, without having towrite custom templates or supporting CSS & JavaScript files,there are various Django apps designed for thispurpose.
One of the most popular apps isthe 'Grappelli Project'[3].Grappelli usesthe 'Compass' CSS authoring Framework to include additional Djangoadmin features like: auto-complete, inline sortable 'drag & drop' and support for jQuery plugins, among other things.
Django admin custom data and behaviors with admin class fieldsand methods
Although the modification ofDjango admin templates allows you to generate any type of Djangoadmin page layout, it can still fall short for cases where you needto include custom data in Django admin pages (e.g. add data fromanother model for reference) or override the default CRUD behaviorsof Django admin pages (e.g. perform a custom audit trail for deleteactions).
Django admin classes like theones you've written in this chapter since listing 11-1, rely onover two dozen fields -- all of which you explored in the previoussections in this chapter as Django admin read options & create/update/delete options -- and over threedozen methods[4] to define a Django admin page'sdefault data and behaviors.
In a very similar way to how youcan customize the default behaviors and data used by Djangoclass-based views -- described in Chapter 9 -- Django admin classescan also define their own custom fields and methods to overridetheir default data and behaviors.
The bulk of this chapter alreadycovered all of the Django admin class fields to customizeDjango admin page behaviors, so I won't re-address them once again.However, I will provide examples of the most common Django adminclass methods to illustrate how to add custom data and overrideother default behaviors in Django admin pages.
Listing 11-24 illustrates aDjango admin class that uses a custom implementation of the
changelist_view() method -- which adds custom data toaccess in the underlying Django admin change_list.html template -- as well as a custom implementation of thedelete_view() method -- to execute custom logic when adelete action is taken on a Django admin class.
Listing 11-24. Django admin class with custom
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